The exploration, production, and environmental biotechnology of petroleum are all topics covered in the Journal of Petroleum & Environmental Biotechnology. Petroleum exploration and production involves extracting hydrocarbons from the earth's underground reservoirs with the aid of several different disciplines, including petroleum geology, drilling, reservoir simulation, reservoir engineering, completions, and oil and gas facilities engineering. Crude oil or natural gas are two of the available forms of the hydrocarbons that were generated. Environmental engineering is a method for integrating science and engineering that can be used to enhance the quality of the environment, including the air, water, and land.

As oil exploration progresses and most oil and gas reservoirs are explored in shallow formations, oil exploration is beginning to move towards deeper basins, making this an unavoidable choice. This paper characterizes the geological features of oil and advances in research on oil and gas reservoirs in deep oil-containing basins around the world, using the latest results from the world’s deep oil exploration. Studies show that deep petroleum has 10 major geological features. Oil and gas deposits have been found in many different types of deep oil-containing basins, but most have been found in deep basins with low heat flux. Many types of oil- containing traps have been developed in deep-sea basins, and the tight oil gas reservoirs of deep-sea basin traps are receiving increasing attention. Deep oil usually contains more natural gas than liquid oil, and the proportion of natural gas increases with the depth of burial. Residual organic matter in deep source rocks is reduced, but hydrocarbon emission rates and efficiencies increase with burial depth.

There are many types of rocks in the deep hydrocarbon reservoir, most of which are clastic and carbonate rocks. The ages of deep hydrocarbon deposits vary widely, but the most recently discovered are mainly in the paleogene and upper paleozoic. The porosity and permeability of deep hydrocarbon deposits vary widely, but change regularly depending on the lithology and trench depth.

The temperature of the deep oil and gas reservoir varies widely, but usually depends on the depth of the trench and the geothermal gradient of the basin. The pressure in the deep oil and gas reservoir varies widely, but usually depends on the depth of burial, origin, and duration of evolution.

Deep petroleum gas reservoirs can exist with or without caps, and those without caps are usually of unconventional origin. Over the last decade, six important steps have been taken in understanding the formation of deep hydrocarbon reservoirs. Deep oil-in-oil containing basins have multiple sources and many different genetic mechanisms. Deep basins have high porosity and highly permeable reservoirs, the formation of which is associated with crustal movements and underground fluid movements.